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* BloodParticles3D - Realistic blood splatter particle system
*
* Creates physics-based blood particles that spray from impact points with gravity,
* creating pools on the arena floor. Optimized for 60fps with instanced rendering.
*
* Features:
* - Gravity-based particle physics
* - Blood pool accumulation on floor
* - 10-second fade-out for pools
* - Instanced rendering for performance
* - Mobile-optimized particle counts
*
* @module components/combat/BloodParticles3D
* @category Combat Effects
* @korean 피입자3D
*/
import { Points, PointMaterial } from "@react-three/drei";
import { useFrame } from "@react-three/fiber";
import React, { useRef, useMemo } from "react";
import * as THREE from "three";
import { KOREAN_COLORS } from "../../../../../types/constants";
/**
* Blood particle data structure for efficient simulation
*/
interface BloodParticle {
/** Current position [x, y, z] */
position: THREE.Vector3;
/** Current velocity [x, y, z] */
velocity: THREE.Vector3;
/** Particle lifetime in seconds */
lifetime: number;
/** Time elapsed since creation */
age: number;
/** Whether particle has settled on floor */
settled: boolean;
}
/**
* Blood splatter effect configuration
*/
export interface BloodSplatterEffect {
/** Unique identifier */
readonly id: string;
/** Origin position in 3D world space */
readonly position: [number, number, number];
/** Impact direction for splatter */
readonly direction: [number, number, number];
/** Intensity of effect (0.0 to 1.0) */
readonly intensity: number;
/** Timestamp when effect was created */
readonly startTime: number;
}
/**
* Props for BloodParticles3D component
*/
export interface BloodParticles3DProps {
/** Active blood splatter effects to render */
readonly effects: readonly BloodSplatterEffect[];
/** Whether to enable blood effects (violence settings) */
readonly enabled?: boolean;
/** Mobile device mode (reduced particle count) */
readonly isMobile?: boolean;
/** Callback when effect completes */
readonly onEffectComplete?: (effectId: string) => void;
}
/**
* Performance and physics constants
*/
const BLOOD_CONSTANTS = {
/** Gravity acceleration (m/s²) */
GRAVITY: -9.8,
/** Maximum particles per splatter effect */
MAX_PARTICLES_DESKTOP: 300,
MAX_PARTICLES_MOBILE: 100,
/** Particle lifetime in seconds */
PARTICLE_LIFETIME: 2.0,
/** Blood pool fade duration in seconds */
POOL_FADE_DURATION: 10.0,
/** Initial velocity range */
VELOCITY_MIN: 2.0,
VELOCITY_MAX: 5.0,
/** Spread angle in radians */
SPREAD_ANGLE: Math.PI / 3,
/** Floor Y position */
FLOOR_Y: 0.0,
/** Particle size */
PARTICLE_SIZE: 0.05,
/**
* Maximum per-frame delta time (seconds) used to clamp the blood physics update.
*
* We cap the simulation step at ~33ms (1/30) to avoid the classic
* "spiral of death" when the frame rate drops: very large timesteps can
* cause unstable motion, particles tunneling through the floor, or
* visually exaggerated splatter. Treating anything below 30fps as
* "slow motion" for this effect keeps the blood behavior stable even
* on slower devices. If the engine's minimum target frame rate changes,
* adjust this threshold accordingly.
*/
MAX_DELTA: 1 / 30,
} as const;
/**
* Generate initial particles for a blood splatter effect
*/
const generateBloodParticles = (
effect: BloodSplatterEffect,
maxParticles: number
): BloodParticle[] => {
const particles: BloodParticle[] = [];
const particleCount = Math.floor(maxParticles * effect.intensity);
const baseDir = new THREE.Vector3(...effect.direction).normalize();
const origin = new THREE.Vector3(...effect.position);
for (let i = 0; i < particleCount; i++) {
// Random spread around impact direction
const spreadAngle = BLOOD_CONSTANTS.SPREAD_ANGLE;
const phi = (Math.random() - 0.5) * spreadAngle;
const theta = Math.random() * Math.PI * 2;
// Rotate direction vector
const direction = baseDir.clone();
direction.applyAxisAngle(
new THREE.Vector3(0, 1, 0),
phi
);
direction.applyAxisAngle(
new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, 1),
theta
);
// Random velocity magnitude
const speed =
BLOOD_CONSTANTS.VELOCITY_MIN +
Math.random() * (BLOOD_CONSTANTS.VELOCITY_MAX - BLOOD_CONSTANTS.VELOCITY_MIN);
particles.push({
position: origin.clone(),
velocity: direction.multiplyScalar(speed),
lifetime: BLOOD_CONSTANTS.PARTICLE_LIFETIME,
age: 0,
settled: false,
});
}
return particles;
};
/**
* BloodParticles3D Component
*
* Renders realistic blood splatter effects using physics-based particle simulation.
* Optimized for performance with instanced rendering and efficient physics updates.
*
* @example
* ```tsx
* const [bloodEffects, setBloodEffects] = useState<BloodSplatterEffect[]>([]);
*
* // On hit event
* const handleHit = (position: [number, number, number], direction: [number, number, number]) => {
* setBloodEffects([...bloodEffects, {
* id: generateId(),
* position,
* direction,
* intensity: 0.8,
* startTime: Date.now(),
* }]);
* };
*
* <BloodParticles3D
* effects={bloodEffects}
* enabled={violenceSettings.blood}
* isMobile={isMobile}
* onEffectComplete={(id) => {
* setBloodEffects(prev => prev.filter(e => e.id !== id));
* }}
* />
* ```
*/
export const BloodParticles3D: React.FC<BloodParticles3DProps> = ({
effects,
enabled = true,
isMobile = false,
onEffectComplete,
}) => {
// Particle system state
const particlesRef = useRef<Map<string, BloodParticle[]>>(new Map());
const poolParticlesRef = useRef<BloodParticle[]>([]);
const pointsRef = useRef<THREE.Points>(null);
const completedEffectsRef = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set());
// Performance configuration
const maxParticles = isMobile
? BLOOD_CONSTANTS.MAX_PARTICLES_MOBILE
: BLOOD_CONSTANTS.MAX_PARTICLES_DESKTOP;
// Blood color from Korean theme
const bloodColor = useMemo(() => KOREAN_COLORS.BLOODLOSS_INDICATOR, []);
// Initialize particles for new effects
React.useEffect(() => {
if (!enabled) return;
effects.forEach((effect) => {
if (!particlesRef.current.has(effect.id)) {
const particles = generateBloodParticles(effect, maxParticles);
particlesRef.current.set(effect.id, particles);
}
});
// Clean up removed effects
const effectIds = new Set(effects.map((e) => e.id));
particlesRef.current.forEach((_, id) => {
if (!effectIds.has(id)) {
particlesRef.current.delete(id);
completedEffectsRef.current.delete(id);
}
});
}, [effects, enabled, maxParticles]);
// Initial particle positions for first render
// Actual positions are updated in useFrame
const initialPositions = useMemo(() => {
const positions = new Float32Array(maxParticles * 3);
// Initialize with zeros - actual positions set in useFrame
return positions;
}, [maxParticles]);
// Physics update loop
useFrame((_, delta) => {
if (!enabled || !pointsRef.current) return;
const safeDelta = Math.min(delta, BLOOD_CONSTANTS.MAX_DELTA);
let totalParticleIndex = 0;
const attr = pointsRef.current.geometry.attributes.position;
const posArray = attr.array as Float32Array;
// Update active splatter particles
particlesRef.current.forEach((particles, effectId) => {
let hasActiveParticles = false;
for (let i = 0; i < particles.length; i++) {
const p = particles[i];
p.age += safeDelta;
if (!p.settled) {
// Apply gravity
p.velocity.y += BLOOD_CONSTANTS.GRAVITY * safeDelta;
// Update position
p.position.addScaledVector(p.velocity, safeDelta);
// Check floor collision
if (p.position.y <= BLOOD_CONSTANTS.FLOOR_Y) {
p.position.y = BLOOD_CONSTANTS.FLOOR_Y;
p.velocity.set(0, 0, 0);
p.settled = true;
p.lifetime = BLOOD_CONSTANTS.POOL_FADE_DURATION;
p.age = 0;
// Add to pool particles
poolParticlesRef.current.push(p);
} else {
hasActiveParticles = true;
}
}
// Update render position
if (totalParticleIndex < posArray.length / 3) {
posArray[totalParticleIndex * 3] = p.position.x;
posArray[totalParticleIndex * 3 + 1] = p.position.y;
posArray[totalParticleIndex * 3 + 2] = p.position.z;
totalParticleIndex++;
} else if (process.env.NODE_ENV === "development") {
// Warn in development when particles are being dropped due to buffer overflow
console.warn(
`BloodParticles3D: Particle buffer full (${posArray.length / 3} particles). ` +
`Additional particles are not rendered. Consider reducing particle counts or ` +
`increasing maxParticles if this happens frequently.`
);
}
}
// Check if effect is complete
if (!hasActiveParticles && !completedEffectsRef.current.has(effectId)) {
completedEffectsRef.current.add(effectId);
onEffectComplete?.(effectId);
}
});
// Determine the maximum number of particles we can safely render this frame.
// This explicitly ties the visible particle cap to both the buffer size and maxParticles.
const maxVisibleParticles = Math.min(maxParticles, posArray.length / 3);
// Update blood pool particles (fade out)
if (totalParticleIndex >= maxVisibleParticles) {
// Buffer is full: continue aging and culling pool particles, but do not write positions.
poolParticlesRef.current = poolParticlesRef.current.filter((p) => {
p.age += safeDelta;
return p.age < p.lifetime;
});
} else {
// There is still room in the buffer: write pool particle positions up to the cap.
poolParticlesRef.current = poolParticlesRef.current.filter((p) => {
p.age += safeDelta;
const isAlive = p.age < p.lifetime;
if (isAlive && totalParticleIndex < maxVisibleParticles) {
posArray[totalParticleIndex * 3] = p.position.x;
posArray[totalParticleIndex * 3 + 1] = p.position.y;
posArray[totalParticleIndex * 3 + 2] = p.position.z;
totalParticleIndex++;
}
return isAlive;
});
}
attr.needsUpdate = true;
});
// Don't render if disabled or no effects
if (!enabled || effects.length === 0) {
return null;
}
return (
<Points
ref={pointsRef}
positions={initialPositions}
data-testid="blood-particles-3d"
>
<PointMaterial
color={bloodColor}
size={BLOOD_CONSTANTS.PARTICLE_SIZE}
sizeAttenuation
transparent
opacity={0.9}
depthWrite={false}
blending={THREE.NormalBlending}
/>
</Points>
);
};
export default BloodParticles3D;
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