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* ParticlePool - Object pooling system for Three.js particle systems
*
* Provides efficient memory management for particle effects by reusing
* Three.js Points objects instead of creating/destroying them repeatedly.
* Essential for maintaining 60fps during intense combat with many effects.
*
* Features:
* - Object pooling to avoid GC pressure
* - Automatic pool size management
* - Lifetime tracking for automatic cleanup
* - Memory-efficient particle reuse
*
* @module utils/particlePool
* @category Performance
* @korean 입자풀
*/
import * as THREE from "three";
/**
* Pooled particle system instance
*/
interface PooledParticleSystem {
/** The Three.js Points object */
points: THREE.Points;
/** Whether this system is currently in use */
active: boolean;
/** How long this system has been active (seconds) */
lifetime: number;
/** Unique identifier for tracking */
id: string;
}
/**
* Configuration for particle pool
*/
export interface ParticlePoolConfig {
/** Maximum number of particle systems to pool */
readonly maxSize?: number;
/** Maximum particles per system */
readonly particlesPerSystem?: number;
/** Whether to enable debug logging */
readonly debug?: boolean;
}
/**
* ParticlePool Class
*
* Manages a pool of reusable Three.js Points objects for particle effects.
* Reduces garbage collection pressure by reusing existing objects.
*
* @example
* ```typescript
* const pool = new ParticlePool({ maxSize: 50, particlesPerSystem: 100 });
*
* // Acquire a particle system
* const material = new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0xff0000, size: 0.1 });
* const points = pool.acquire(100, material);
* scene.add(points);
*
* // Later, when effect completes
* scene.remove(points);
* pool.release(points);
*
* // Cleanup when done
* pool.dispose();
* ```
*/
export class ParticlePool {
private pool: PooledParticleSystem[] = [];
private readonly maxSize: number;
private readonly particlesPerSystem: number;
private readonly debug: boolean;
private nextId = 0;
/**
* Create a new particle pool
*
* @param config - Pool configuration
*/
constructor(config: ParticlePoolConfig = {}) {
this.maxSize = config.maxSize ?? 50;
this.particlesPerSystem = config.particlesPerSystem ?? 200;
this.debug = config.debug ?? false;
Iif (this.debug) {
console.log(
`[ParticlePool] Created with maxSize=${this.maxSize}, particlesPerSystem=${this.particlesPerSystem}`
);
}
}
/**
* Acquire a particle system from the pool
*
* Returns an existing inactive system if available, otherwise creates a new one.
* If pool is full, reuses the oldest active system.
*
* @param particleCount - Number of particles needed
* @param material - Material to use for the particles
* @returns A Three.js Points object ready to use
*/
acquire(
particleCount: number,
material: THREE.PointsMaterial
): THREE.Points {
// Find inactive system
const inactive = this.pool.find((p) => !p.active);
if (inactive) {
inactive.active = true;
inactive.lifetime = 0;
inactive.points.material = material;
// Resize geometry if needed
const currentSize =
inactive.points.geometry.attributes.position.count;
if (currentSize !== particleCount) {
inactive.points.geometry.dispose();
const positions = new Float32Array(particleCount * 3);
const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
geometry.setAttribute(
"position",
new THREE.BufferAttribute(positions, 3)
);
inactive.points.geometry = geometry;
}
Iif (this.debug) {
console.log(
`[ParticlePool] Acquired inactive system ${inactive.id}`
);
}
return inactive.points;
}
// Create new if pool not full
if (this.pool.length < this.maxSize) {
const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
const positions = new Float32Array(particleCount * 3);
geometry.setAttribute(
"position",
new THREE.BufferAttribute(positions, 3)
);
const points = new THREE.Points(geometry, material);
const id = `particle-system-${this.nextId++}`;
const pooled: PooledParticleSystem = {
points,
active: true,
lifetime: 0,
id,
};
this.pool.push(pooled);
Iif (this.debug) {
console.log(
`[ParticlePool] Created new system ${id} (pool size: ${this.pool.length}/${this.maxSize})`
);
}
return points;
}
// Pool is full, reuse oldest active system
const oldest = this.pool.reduce((prev, curr) =>
curr.lifetime > prev.lifetime ? curr : prev
);
oldest.active = true;
oldest.lifetime = 0;
oldest.points.material = material;
// Resize geometry if needed
const currentSize = oldest.points.geometry.attributes.position.count;
Iif (currentSize !== particleCount) {
oldest.points.geometry.dispose();
const positions = new Float32Array(particleCount * 3);
const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
geometry.setAttribute(
"position",
new THREE.BufferAttribute(positions, 3)
);
oldest.points.geometry = geometry;
}
Iif (this.debug) {
console.warn(
`[ParticlePool] Pool full! Reusing oldest system ${oldest.id} (lifetime: ${oldest.lifetime.toFixed(1)}s)`
);
}
return oldest.points;
}
/**
* Release a particle system back to the pool
*
* Marks the system as inactive so it can be reused. The material
* is NOT disposed as it may be shared or reused.
*
* @param points - The Points object to release
*/
release(points: THREE.Points): void {
const pooled = this.pool.find((p) => p.points === points);
if (pooled) {
pooled.active = false;
Iif (this.debug) {
console.log(
`[ParticlePool] Released system ${pooled.id} (lifetime: ${pooled.lifetime.toFixed(1)}s)`
);
}
I} else if (this.debug) {
console.warn(
"[ParticlePool] Attempted to release Points object not in pool"
);
}
}
/**
* Update all active particle systems
*
* Call this once per frame to track lifetimes. Useful for debugging
* and automatic cleanup.
*
* @param delta - Time elapsed since last update (seconds)
*/
update(delta: number): void {
this.pool.forEach((p) => {
if (p.active) {
p.lifetime += delta;
}
});
}
/**
* Get pool statistics
*
* @returns Object containing pool stats
*/
getStats(): {
total: number;
active: number;
inactive: number;
maxSize: number;
} {
const active = this.pool.filter((p) => p.active).length;
return {
total: this.pool.length,
active,
inactive: this.pool.length - active,
maxSize: this.maxSize,
};
}
/**
* Dispose all pooled particle systems
*
* Cleans up all geometries and materials. Call this when the pool
* is no longer needed.
*
* ⚠️ Warning: Materials are disposed! If materials are shared between
* multiple particle systems outside the pool, dispose them separately.
*/
dispose(): void {
this.pool.forEach((p) => {
p.points.geometry.dispose();
Iif (Array.isArray(p.points.material)) {
p.points.material.forEach((m) => m.dispose());
} else {
p.points.material.dispose();
}
});
this.pool = [];
Iif (this.debug) {
console.log("[ParticlePool] Disposed all particle systems");
}
}
/**
* Clear inactive particle systems
*
* Removes inactive systems from the pool to free memory.
* Useful for managing memory in long-running sessions.
*/
clearInactive(): void {
const beforeCount = this.pool.length;
const toRemove = this.pool.filter((p) => !p.active);
toRemove.forEach((p) => {
p.points.geometry.dispose();
Iif (Array.isArray(p.points.material)) {
p.points.material.forEach((m) => m.dispose());
} else {
p.points.material.dispose();
}
});
this.pool = this.pool.filter((p) => p.active);
Iif (this.debug) {
console.log(
`[ParticlePool] Cleared ${beforeCount - this.pool.length} inactive systems`
);
}
}
}
/**
* Global particle pool instance
*
* Shared pool for all particle effects in the application.
* Use this for most cases unless you need a separate pool.
*
* @example
* ```typescript
* import { globalParticlePool } from '@/utils/particlePool';
*
* const material = new THREE.PointsMaterial({ color: 0xff0000 });
* const points = globalParticlePool.acquire(100, material);
* ```
*/
export const globalParticlePool = new ParticlePool({
maxSize: 50,
particlesPerSystem: 200,
debug: process.env.NODE_ENV === "development",
});
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